Recession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Recession - Research Paper Example According to Wiegand (2009), recession takes place when a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) â€Å"goes down for six months or more† (p. 18). Also, when recession transpires, a series of economic problems will arise, including unemployment, inflation, adjustments of investments, additional credits, declining values for goods and services, cutting out exports, higher interest rates, and dropping of currency. These problems influence the economic performance of the world market, particularly the European Union (EU). The purpose of this paper is to analyze a recent economic report in relation to recession, and its application in the outside world. Recession and its Problems The phenomenon of recession occurs when the economic development of the country decreases to â€Å"less than three percent† (Wiegand, 2009, p. 19). It has been illustrated that Germany has a GDP contraction rate of 0.6%, â€Å"more than the 0.4% expected for the 4th quarter of 2012† (P ylas & Rising, 2013); the figure shows that the country is nearly in recession, and will be into it if the decline will continue in the following year. Unemployment. In case of Germany’s economic contraction, it is then projected that several establishments will reduce their output due to a lesser demand; hence, the level of unemployment will increase (Pylas & Rising, 2013). Also, the shutting down of businesses will lead to redundancy; in fact, this has been one of the serious problems in EU as shown in figure 1 (â€Å"Taking Europe’s Pulse,† 2013). Figure 1: Unemployment Rate in the EU Source: â€Å"Taking Europe’s Pulse,† 2013 The figure above shows that the unemployment rate of EU members, such as Greece, Spain, Portugal, and many more, is very high since 2012 compared to other members like Germany. Inflation. Germany’s exporters are also concerned on the set-up that their product became â€Å"less competitive in the international marke tplace† (Pylas & Rising, 2013). According to Wiegand (2009), in case of inflation, the value of money decreases over time while the â€Å"price of commodities increases† (p. 23). The declining economic performance of Germany would conceive inflation in terms of purchasing value. Otherwise stated, the amount of money spent on buying a particular good does not maintain its value as times passes because the price of commodities has been increased. For instance, a 10-euro bill in the year 2000 could buy a lot of stuff compared to a 10-euro bill of today. Hence, inflation brings difficulty to consumers in buying their needs and wants, which will result to merchandise unsold. While inflation is the increase in prices, its opposite--deflation, also brings harm to the economy. Deflation happens when the prices of goods and services plummeted consistently and creates surplus of supply and lesser demand (Wiegand, 2009, p. 24). Foreign exchange market. Several exchange rates are b eing established in different countries depending on recent trading performances among countries. Their currencies depict the stability of their economic activity. The stability of euro (â‚ ¬) is one of the primary issues that EU members would be highly concerned of considering that they are using the euro as their â€Å"single currency† (â€Å"One Currency,† n.d.). Frequently, the idea of exchange rates is very confusing;

Wuthering Heights Essay Example for Free

Wuthering Heights Essay In Chapter 5, Nelly comments that though capable of sweetness, Cathy likes to act the little mistress, and it is this awareness of the social differences between she and Heathcliff that lead her, to marry Edgar Linton who is handsome† and â€Å"pleasant to be with. In Chapter 9 when Nelly implies that these reasons are superficial, Cathy tells of her plan to use Edgars money to help Heathcliff â€Å"rise† from his outsider status, and how it would â€Å"degrade† her to marry Heathcliff, although she does say Heathcliff is â€Å"more myself than I am†: This viewpoint displays love where Freud says â€Å"the boundary between ego and object threatens to melt away. Against all the evidence of their senses, a man/woman who are in love declare ‘I and you are one, and is prepared to behave as if it were a fact. As a result Edgar Linton is an outsider to this love, and this ultimately leads to Cathy’s refusal to respond to his later request that she either â€Å"give up Heathcliff† or him, for it is â€Å"impossible for [her] to be [his] friend† and â€Å"[Heathcliff’s] at the same time. â€Å" This battle between the two men to posses Cathy inevitably results in her death. Although Heathcliff has the appearance and manners of a gentleman, the revenge he plans is diabolical, and though she loves him, Cathy is not fooled, when she and Heathcliff meet for the last time she tells him, he has â€Å"broken [her] heart† and that she shall not be at peace. She dies two hours after midnight, having given birth to a puny, seven months child†. The location of Cathy’s grave then indicates the extent to which she was separated from the rest of her family and from the society of Gimmerton, â€Å"Neither in the chapel under the monument of the Linton’s†, nor yet the tombs of her own relations, outside† It is a spot isolated within the churchyard and reclaimed by the wilderness of the moor as befits her nature. Heathcliff is later buried alongside her allowing the kindred souls to â€Å"merge† and dissolve into each other to achieve a unity, which transcends the petty struggles of social class and outsiders, ever present in the world of â€Å"Wuthering Heights†. â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is often seen by critics to allude to ideas of The Fall, evident in the character of Isabella Linton who falls from the enviable position of being an insider, to an outsider. In spite of Cathy’s blunt warning that Hes a fierce, pitiless, wolfish man, Isabella still chooses to elope with Heathcliff under the delusion of him being a Byronic Hero. However in her failure to heed Cathie’s warning she finds herself measured against the standards of her legal overseer and turned into a â€Å"fugitive†. As a woman of the 19th century she would have been heavily dependent on her husband and Heathcliff sees this as an opportunity to literally incarcerate her in a marriage she describes as â€Å"worse than solitude. † In Chapter 13 when she decides to return home, the rift between brother and sister is evident as Edgar refuses to take her back claiming, â€Å"She is only [his] sister in name†, precipitating her departure to the south, where she remains an outsider and outcast until her death. Similarly in â€Å"Oranges† Jeanette’s return to the fold is ultimately problematic and unsatisfactory as nothing seems to have changed.

Effect of Major Events on Host Community

Effect of Major Events on Host Community Do major events bring lasting benefit to host community? Introduction Most promoters of bids for major events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games or the world cup, submit as part of the reasoning behind the decision to bid the lasting benefits that it will bring economic benefit to the host community in the short and long term. Furthermore, this argument is used as a justification for the considerable involved in staging such events. For example, as can be seen from the budget and capital cost reports from Beijing, which is hosting the 2008 Olympics Games, whilst the operation of the games itself is targeted to make a small profit (see appendix 1, table 1), the construction and infrastructure costs have been estimated at over $1.4 billion (see appendix 1, table 2), which the BOCOG[1] and Chinese government state will be recovered as a result of the longer term economic benefits that these costs will bring to the area, in terms of increased trade, employment, tourism, international and local trade and other local social community benefits. However, whilst researchers of this issue appears to agree, at least for the immediate area where the event is located, for example Beijing, there is an immediate economic benefit during the staging of the events, there is a significant difference of opinion as to a) whether there is a economic benefit for the wider geographical area and b) whether there is a lasting economic benefit for the host community subsequent to the event. Within this paper it is intended to concentrate upon the latter of these two questions in an effort to prove or disprove the following hypothesis: â€Å"Events provide no lasting benefit to the host community.† To assist with this analysis, it is intended to use data from the Olympics in Atlanta (1996), Sydney (2000), Athens (2004), together with brief references to the Beijing 2008 Olympics. To assess whether the case is true in relation to other major events, which may not have such a global attraction, the Manchester Commonwealth Games of 2002 have also been included within the selection. Overview of Events As can been noted earlier the operational costs of hosting a major event is sizable and, due to increasing concerns in areas such as security, which includes prevention of terrorism, these have increased significantly over the years (Baade and Matheson. 2002a, p.5). In terms of this expense Baade and Matheson (2002a, p.6) with Salt Lake City as spending $300 million, which must cast doubt on the appropriateness of the $50 million Beijing is planning to spend on this item (see appendix 1, table 1). Thus, it is not surprising that there has been a chequered history in terms of the profitability of staging such massive events. In recent history an example of these extremes can be foun, with Montreal recorded a $1 billion loss for the 1976 games whilst Los Angeles made a profit of $250 million for hosting the same event in the 1984. Nevertheless, in most cases the majority of these operational costs, with careful planning, marketing and promotion, are expected to be recovered from sponso rship and TV rights, which has the potential of bringing in over $1 billion in revenue in today’s terms, if measured against the past expectations CBS (1998). These figures pale into insignificance when compared to the capital and infrastructure cost, which runs into Billion’s of dollars, the return on which cannot be so easily calculated. Thus, in order to achieve a national government commitment to assist with the funding of the event, it is the task of the promoters to attempt to show that these costs will have long-term economic benefits for the community. The following is a brief overview of the capital and infrastructure costs incurred by the four locations chosen for analysis. Based upon 1996 prices, the total direct cost of the Sydney Olympics was calculated to be around A$8.4 billion, (Madden 2002, p.9), which relates to around US$4 billion, although when final figures were available this showed a similar increase against budget as Atlanta. In his study into these costs, Madden (2002, p.9), allocated them over a 12-year period from 1994/95 to 2005/06 as indicated in the following graph: As can be seen from this the majority of the monies post the event was spent on international tourism. Of these costs about $600 million was spent directly upon games visitors, and these would therefore have been recoverable from the games revenues. This leaves approximately $7.8 billion to be quantified as costs that should have a lasting economic benefit, in addition the benefits incurred during the event. Athens 2004 The cost of the games in Athens, originally budgeted to cost $5.6 billion, actually rose to over $8.5 billion Associated Press (2004). Part of this additional cost was caused by an exceptionally large security costs which, being the first games to be held post the 9/11 tragedy, soared to $1.5 billion. With Beijing budgeting to spend $14.25 billion on capital and infrastructure and $1.625 billion on operating costs making a total of just under $16 billion, although many experts are predicting that this figure will increase to over $20 billion, it is clear from the following graph that the costs of the games will have doubled with every staging of the event over a twelve-year period (see figure 1). In 2002 Manchester played host to the Commonwealth games. Originally the budget for this event was set at around  £25 (approximately $50), but the final amount climbed to between  £70-80 million ($140-160 million). Of this amount  £17 million was spent on a performance legacy programme, deliberately targeted to produce long-term benefits for the community. As the Olympic Games increases are significantly higher than the rate of inflation that any of these areas have suffered during the same period, it is apparent that the accuracy of forecasting the longer term economic benefits is becoming even more critical to both the organisers and the regional and national governments that are being asked to help fund these costs. Furthermore, as has been demonstrated with all of these events, the calculations of initial budgeting show considerable under-estimation when compared with the final costs, which suggests that the reliability of the organisers costs in relation to the longer term benefits Long-term Economic Benefits To determine whether the capital and infrastructure cost of an event has a long term benefit to the host community, the assessment of this process can only bet determined by the future economic development that occurs within that geographical location (Fort and Fizel 2004, p.91). Therefore to evaluate the hypothesis set at the commencement of this research, it is intended to use three of these factors, these being increase in GDP, employment and tourism activity. GDP Growth domestic product is an indicator that shows how well the economy is growing, usually based upon a per capita figure. One of the main arguments of those promoting the benefits of hosting an event is that it will contribute significantly towards improving that figure over future years. In reality, this does not appear to be the case when analysing the result for the events indicated. In all cases there were economic improvements in terms of GDP during the periods leading up to the staging of the events, although in some instances, these were not as high had been projected. Similarly, in the longer term, these increases were not sustained. For example, taking Sydney and New South Wales as an example, as can be seen from the following graph, whist there was a significant rise in GDP during the years from 1994/05 to 2000/01, immediately the games were over, this fell back sharply to a year on year decrease. Studies conducted by researchers into the Atlanta and Athens games, including Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002) and Gratton and Henry (2001) have shown a similar reaction in relation to the GDP in each of these cases, with rising levels during the build-up period to the games, but little to no benefit for the following periods. This position also appears to be relevant to the economic effects of lesser events, as can be evidenced by the research into the benefits of the Manchester Commonwealth Games in 2002 (Eurotec 2007). The initial impact was encouraging, as was noted by one of the organisers at the time, who said: â€Å"We estimated that  £22m in business benefits across the northwest derived from the Games at the time,† says Rosin. â€Å"There was  £2.7m added value for every  £1m invested. There has been investment in the financial sectors, in the city centre and in particular in east Manchester. Associated retail development and the creation of employment for local people in this area can be directly attributed to the Commonwealth Games† (Editorial (2007). However, a graph of the impact on output of the games and legacy programme in this case (see figure 4) shows that, as with the Olympics, despite the initial benefits achieved prior and during the time the event was staged, in this case exceeding expectations, the longevity of this was short, with it falling away rapidly within one year. It is apparent from these findings that the significant improvement to GDP would only be temporary in nature and as a result contributes little to the long term improvement of the local community environment (Fizel et al 1999, p.75). Assuming that a study of other events of a similar magnitude to those identified operated upon a similar basis, it is therefore apparent that the GDP benefit would be condensed into the period of the event and limited thereafter, Employment Tourism Tourism is another area against which the success of the games can be measured. Whilst, in most cases there is an increase in the physical numbers of tourists visiting the area in the years leading up to the event and subsequently, the benefit of this has to be evaluated against the additional facilities that have been provided as a part of the capital and infrastructure costs. For example, if one looks at the Beijing games, the intention is to build sufficient hotels in the area to be able to offer 130,000 (BOCOG 2007). As this represents an increase of around 20% of the number of rooms that are available, whilst an increase in tourism will have an impact upon the local economy in some areas, unless it is in excess of 20%, it will have a detrimental impact upon the hotel and catering sector, which will either force down the unit price per room or result in a decrease in occupancy, either of which will reduce the fiscal benefit. Thus the measurement of costs can be evaluated by either their socio-economic, environmental or the estimated direct future impact they will have on a countries gross domestic product (GDP). For Beijing, all of these improvements will therefore provide a useful economic legacy of the games if managed correctly. However, in addition to the intangible benefits, there are the intangible costs that also need to be measured, both in real terms and potential. These can be defined into two main areas being, local but external to the event, future but unanticipated. In addition to the determinants outlined above, there are others than need to be taken into the equation to provide a more detailed analysis. For example, there is the potential displacement issue related to local residents at the time of the event, where homes are lost to make way for the additional infrastructure projects (Fizel 1999, p.72). Secondly, there is the long-term use of the facilities. In the case of Sydney, the authorities are still paying around $46 million a year to maintain facilities that have remained uneconomic since the event (Owen 2005). Finally, the impact that the event has on trade outside of the area also needs to be considered. Research has show that, whilst the immediately area businesses benefit from the event, others further away from its location tend to show a downturn during that period when events are being staged. (Owen 2005). These represent hidden costs that are a) not always taken into account by the bid promoters and b) difficult to quantify in terms of amount and the length of time that they should be calculated over. Conclusion The research conducted for this paper has been limited in terms of the events covered and the timescale over which these have been studied, being restricted to five events over a 12 year period from 1996 to 2008. However, from the analysis of the events used within this paper it can be seen that in the main, the hypothesis set at the commencement of this paper has been proven. Whilst most of the events showed an immediate economical benefit, this did not last for a significant period. Therefore, on balance of probabilities. we would agree with the statement made by Baade and Matheson (2002, p.28) which stated that the evidence suggests that the economic impact of the Olympics is transitory, onetime changes rather than a steady-state chane., Similarly, with the increasing costs of operating and staging these events showing every sign of continuing to escalate, the opportunity to reverse this trend will become even more difficult in the immediate to long term future, especially when on e takes into account the fact that even the cost of the London Olympics has exceeded the budgeted estimates. There appears to be two main reasons for the differential between the projected benefits and the actuality. The first of these relates to the accuracy of initial estimates, which as has been shown within the costings of the events studied, is significantly lower than they should be, which could be result from an effort to make the bids more attractive to the community and nation hosting the event or as a result of problems being experienced within the project management process. Secondly, it would appear that the economic determinants being used by the organisers are failing to pay enough attention to the results of previous events when creating their own model. All of these issues need to be addressed when making such projections and it will be interesting to revisit the issue following the Beijing games in 2008 to see whether any lessons have been learned in this respect. These issues have to be managed correctly if they are to stand a chance of producing a long term economic benef it (Humphreys and Hummer 1995, p. 6). References Arthur Andersen, Hospitality and Leisure Services, â€Å"The Sydney Olympic Performance Survey: The Sydney Olympic Games on the Australian Hotel Industry,† Mimeograph, November 2000, pp.1-7. Associated Press (2004). Games cost Athens over $8.5 Billion. Retrieved 30 November 2007 from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5761646/ Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002). Bidding for the Olympics: Fools Gold? In Transatlantic Sport, edited by Barros, Ibrahim, and Szymanski. Edward Elgar Publishing. New York, US. Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002a). Mega-Sporting Events in Dveloping Nations: Playing the Way to Prosperity. Retrieved 30 November 2007 from http://www.williams.edu/Economics/wp/mathesonprosperity.pdf CBS (1998). Television, sponsorship revenue could top $800 million. CBS Sportsline wire reports. Retrieved 27 November 2007 from http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/olympics/nagano98/news/feb98/revenue2398.htm Country Update (2004). Practicality is the New Watchword as Beijing Olympics Projects Move Forward. Eunited Stataes Embassy, Beijing, China. Editorial (2004). Beijing Olympiad: Profit or Loss? China Today. 5th November. Retrieved 25 November 2007 from http://www1.china.org.cn/english/sports/111340.htm Editorial (2007). Glasgow 2014 – the bid legacy – after the event. Glasgow Business Guide. Retrieved 1 December 2007 from http://www.glasgowbusinessguide.co.uk/show_article.php?artID=156 Eurotec (2007) An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme. Retrieved 2 December 2007 from http://www.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/Evaluation_of_Commonwealth_Games_Legacy_programme.pdf Finance (2007). BOCOG Budget. Retrieved 26 November 2007 from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf Fizel, John., Gustafson, Elizabeth and Hadley, Lawrence (1999). Sports Economics: Current Research. Praeger Publishers. Westport, US. Fort, Rodney D and Fizel, John (2004). International Sports Economics. Praeger Publishers. Westport, US. Gratton, Chris and Henry, Ian (2001) Sport in the City: The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration. Routledge. London, UK Humphreys, Jeffrey L and Plummer, Michael K (2003). The economic impact of hosting the 1996 summer Olympics. Retrieved 1 December 2007 from http://www.selig.uga.edu/forecast/olympics/OLYMTEXT.HTM Humphreys, Jeffrey M. and Michael K. Plummer (1995). The Economic Impact of Hosting the 1996 Summer Olympics. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games. Atlanta, US.. Madden, John R (2002). The Economic Consequences of the Sydney Olympics: The CREA/Andersen Study. Current Issues In Tourism. Vol 5, No 1, pp.7-21. Owen, Jeffrey G (2005). Estimating the Cost and Benefit of Hosting the Olympic Games: What can Beijing expect from its 2008 Games. The Industrial Geographer. Fall 2005 Appendices Appendix 1 Table 1 BOCOG operating Budget Source: from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf Table 2 BOCOG Construction costs Source: from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf 1 Footnotes [1] Beijing Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

Contradiction in Another Country :: Another

Contradiction in Another Country Another Country contradicts the age-old principle that the United States is a safeground for all people. James Baldwin compares living the life of a homosexual in Paris to living the life of a homosexual in the United States. The views of the French are much more liberal than the conservative views of the Americans. The life that Eric, the homosexual character in Baldwin's novel, leads in Paris is socially acceptable. Baldwin also depicts France as a haven for interracial relationships. Eric believes that living an openly homosexual life in Paris is more satisfying, rewarding, comfortable and protected because his choice of life is widely accepted by the French society. In Paris, everyone feels comfortable. Everyone feels free to live his or her own life and not adhere to the rules that society establishes. Homosexuals have the liberty to walk down the street, sit in public parks and show affection towards their partner free of worry, without the fear of "alley cats". The people of Paris condone and support Eric's happiness, as seen in this passage: "I see that. You seem much happier. There's a kind of light around you. She said this very directly, with a rueful, conspiratorial smile: as though she knew the cause of his happiness, and rejoiced for him" (234). In contrast, New Yorkers have a entirely different attitude toward homosexuality. New York is confined by America's conservative views. The New York society functions on the principle that different is bad. Anyone who strays from the norms of society is a threat. The people in New York vocalize their disdain for homosexuals and in some cases even threaten physical violence against those who are bold enough to come out of hiding. Eric describes the New York atmosphere to his partner using the metaphor "alleys and alley cats" to represent those who prey on the openly homosexual. He comments: "Getting you into America is going to be hassle enough, baby, let's not rock the boat. Besides, New York is full of alley cats. And alleys" (Baldwin 190). In addition, France proves to be a haven for interracial relationships as well. As seen in Another Country, the French society does not frown upon relationship between the races.

Becoming Influential Essay

The public view of nurses as subordinates to physicians, simply â€Å"trained† to follow doctors’ orders, an overall lack of understandingas to the level of education and the kind of work nurses actually do (Sullivan, 2004) has lent to this perception. Sullivan (2004) writes about telling nursing’s story as an avenue to turn opinions around; empower nurses at an individual level, and ultimately raise the bar to a degree where nursing as a whole takes a stance to being viewed and treated as experts in the health care arena alongside other disciplines. Nurses outnumber all other health care providers (Kelly & Crawford, 2008, p. ) in both acute care and community care settings; are the most diverse clinicians having knowledge and experience that intertwines with all other health professionals, the public and now the business world. Nurses collectively have a deeper understanding of the everyday goings-on within all areas of healthcare. The challenge is to convince t hose who do not recognize this attribute to tap into an invaluable resource. The message I have chosen to include in this paper will attempt to encourage and support the utilization of nurses in the area of clinical informatics, as this is an up-and-coming opportunity to recruit the experts. Deciding on My Message I have always had an interest in computers long before I went into nursing. As a new graduate nurse in the early 1990’s I went straight to San Antonio, Texas where at one of the hospitals I worked implemented a cutting-edge clinical documentation application in the intensive care units. I quickly became a champion user as I was quite comfortable with the whole concept. That, blended with my diverse clinical experience in nursing to include using many other applications in various areas set the stage for my area of expertise; clinical informatics. As a practitioner, I felt unfulfilled at the bedside, frustrated with the lack of positive recognition toward the profession, regardless of the root cause. Being able to move away from direct patient care to a role that required a strong clinical background, informatics became my passion. My concern has intensified over the lack of clinicians called upon to do what nurses do best: clinical workflow analysis, agents of clinical change management and clinical adoption, and most important ensuring the application is robust enough for that program, clinic or unit based on expertise in that area. The further I observe resistance to change and poor adoption by nursing the more incensed I become with the lack of expert utilization. The motives for the resistance are significant: the omission of the nursing process, the inability to enter orders (physician and nursing), track medication and document medication administration is to list a few. These gaps could have been identified and possibly avoided had nurses been involved in the initial requirements gathering. Nurses understand process and know what questions to ask, as opposed to non-clinical analysts, who could not know what they do not know; who better to understand specific practice methodology and process than those who live it? Furthermore, physicians are viewed as the key holders to patient care while nursing and other allied health groups are seen as simply assisting the physician, not as part of an integrated multidisciplinary team. Nurses understand and embrace this model far more than other disciplines and are the best choice in this domain. Deciding on How to Share My Message The conduit for my message is through networking with individuals I have met and worked with over the years with influence and power; those at the executive level in the health region, university and college leaders, business leaders and clients, in person, via letters, and public speaking. Another channel I will utilize is the Canadian Nursing Association Journal with a letter to the editor or submission of an article to be published within the magazine. The target audience at this time is business and other health care professionals as the need to have nurses recognized as assets to the fast moving execution of electronic systems in health care, soon to replace paper, is urgent. If more nurses are not involved in this process as expert consultants, there is a high risk of failure and inevitably patient safety. I will not directly target the public but indirectly as I believe once health care and business professionals view nurses as experts in our profession overall, then their perceptions and opinions will reach the public. The obstacle will be persuading those with little health care understanding just how nursing can be affective. Business leaders are all about deliverables, making sure they are provided. How the product is packaged is not of great concern; patient safety is not a term truly understood by non-clinical analysts and project managers. Within eHealth in general, the organizational structure from top down holds minimal if any clinical knowledge beyond the high level business of healthcare. The best way to convey the message in this arena is by example of competency and the successes when nurses are part of the team. Unfortunately, failed deliverables due to lack of clinical analysis and input is the other method of getting the message across in this instance. However, that would require a clear understanding of why the project failed, which has slowly been coming to light within the eHealth community. Therefore, the target for this message would be the CIO and the medical officer of eHealth, however, the argument must be well supported to ensure being heard. As Kelly & Crawford (2008) discuss, the lack of awareness noted by the reluctance of nurses to be identified as experts creates an obstacle. Opportunities to speak at various forums that involve nursing directly or indirectly is the best way to share the message with nurses. I was recently asked to speak to an audience from the informatics graduate program at a university in order to encourage and promote more nurses into the program. As one individual stated, â€Å"we recognize the unique expertise nurses bring to informatics and have identified the gap in this program. † My Message In preparation for this assignment I learned that there are others in the profession that have identified similar trepidations around the lack of positive recognition toward nursing, however, a solid foundation to build on has been laid. As discussed in Sullivan (2004) nurses rarely take the opportunity to promote the profession through the media, citing shortage of time, or fear of repercussions as a motive to decline. In order to be valued in positive locus those in the profession must promote their own successes without fear of appearing egocentric or as a braggart; taking pride in undertakings that might seem unremarkable but are more than that. While other professionals present their individual accomplishments regularly, gracefully accepting the prestige and standing that comes with their show,nurses must embrace this characteristic in order to continue paving the road to professional recognition. I am inspired to carry on promoting nursing as I have- by example, through networking.

25 to 32 Fast ACT Prep Study Plan in 10 Days

25 to 32 Fast ACT Prep Study Plan in 10 Days SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you need to raise your ACT score, ASAP? Do you want to make a huge score improvement, from good to amazing- from 25 to 32? It’s not easy, but you can take huge strides toward the ACT score of your dream in just 10 days.In this article, we show you how to pinpoint your weaknesses, create an effective study plan, and significantly raise your ACT score. Who Should Use This ACT Study Plan? Because this is only a 10-day plan, you'll have to commit to between two and five hours each day to see major improvements. Unfortunately, there's no substitute for putting in ample prep time, whether that’s an hour a day over five weeks, or a more concentrated plan like this one. If you do have more time before your test date, we highly recommend spending at least five weeks studying for the ACT. It’s easier to guarantee a score boost of 25 to 32 if you give yourself more time to practice. But if you want to improve your score quickly, or have already taken the ACT and want to improve your score before college apps are due, keep reading. This plan integrates a key component of all good study plans: focusing on your weaknesses. When time is of the essence, you need to make every hour count. How well you can do this will ultimately dictate how much you improve on the ACT. Now, let's take a look at the three steps you'll need to take to get your 10-day study plan started. Step 1: Take a Practice Test Your first step is to take an official, full-length ACT practice test. Even if you’ve taken the ACT before, you need to find out exactly what your strengths and weaknesses are before you begin studying. Remember to simulate actual test-taking conditions, including using a bubble sheet, and to follow official timing restrictions exactly. After you’ve taken the test, calculate your score out of 36 for each section to get your composite score (i.e., your total ACT score) and subscores. You can read our guide to learn more abouthow ACT scoring works. As you go over your answers, note where you lost the most points. For example, maybe your geometry subscore was super low but your other math subscores were good. Or maybe you lost points randomly, meaning you'll have to dig a little deeper to figure out which concepts you're struggling with. The ultimate goal is to pinpoint your weaknesses so that you can study the most effectively. Reviewing your mistakes is essential to formulating a solid prep plan. Your 10-day plan could look very different based on how you do on the practice test. Let's use three hypothetical students as examples: Student A, Student B, and Student C. Student A'sPractice Test Scores English: 23 Math: 25 Reading: 26 Science: 25 Composite: 25 Student A has work to do across the board to get her composite score up to 32. Although we'd recommend this student definitely devote some serious time to studying ACT grammar rules to raise her English score (her lowest section score), every single section score must see significant improvement for her to hit her goal score of 32. Student B's Practice Test Scores English: 30 Math: 24 Reading: 24 Science: 26 Composite: 26 Student B should spend the majority of the 10 days practicing Math, Reading, and Science. They can improve their English score by 2 points (up to a 32) by simply scoring 2 or 3 more raw points on that section- which shouldn’t require hours of extra studying. However, they'll need much bigger raw point gains for the other sections. Don't worry, Student B. By following this 10-day study plan, you'll be able to meet your ACT score goals! (Valerie (Vee) Bordeleau/Flickr) Student C's Practice Test Scores English: 30 Math: 20 Reading: 32 Science: 22 Composite: 26 Student C needs to make serious gains in Math and Sciencebut is already strong in English and Reading. He should focus his 10-day program on figuring out his content weaknesses in Math and Science, addressing them, and then drilling practice questions. He can also spend some time working to improve his English and Reading scores so as to lessen the burden on his presumed Math and Science score increases. Any additional composite point he can gain on English or Reading is one he doesn't have to earn on Math or Science. For example, he could aim for 34 on both English and Reading and 30 on both Math and Science and still get a composite score of 32. Step 2: Set Raw Score Goals for Each Section For this guide, we are assuming an ACT goal of a 32 composite score. But how many raw points (i.e., the number of questions you answer correctly) do you need to aim for to get this score? Here are the number of questions you'll need to get correct on each section: English: 70 out of 75 Math: 54 out of 60 Reading: 38 out of 40 Science: 38 out of 40 We added an extra raw point to these target scores compared with the ACT scoring charts, since the scaling can change slightly from test to test. If you can achieve all these raw scores, you will most likely get a 32 composite score. Remember, the ACT composite score is averaged, so you could get two 30s and two 34s and average out to 32 for all sections. You can use our scoring guide to set your own raw score goals if you have different section goals or a different composite score goal in mind. Note that at this level, you should be answering every question. Don’t just do 70 English problems and leave the rest blank. Answer every question with the goal of getting them all correct, so that if you do have some wrong answers, you can still get a total of 70 raw points. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. This way you get the most out of your study time and make the most improvements in the least time possible. You won't have to worry aboutwhatto study - just focus on learning. Check out our 5-day free trial: Step 3: Gather ACT Prep Materials The final step is to gather the ACT study materials you want to use throughout your study plan. For step-by-step guidance, we highly recommend our PrepScholar ACT program.We go through the process of identifying your weaknesses for you, giving you more time to focus on filling in content gaps and improving your score. If you’re going at it alone or just want more tools, though, here's what we recommend for your ACT prep: #1: ACT Prep Books Use our guide to the best ACT prep books on the market as a starting point for building your ACT prep book arsenal. These prep books contain practice problems, tests, and the content information you'll need to fix your weaknesses and get a 32 on the ACT. Definitely start by getting The Official ACT Prep Guide and the Black Book, plus subject-specific books if your performance on your practice test shows weaknesses in certain areas. For example, we'd recommend Student C from our example above get books specifically for Math and Science. #2: Test Accessories Pencils, erasers, a calculator, a watch- think of these as tools you need to do well on the ACT. It might seem trivial, but getting used to using a (ACT-approved) watch to time yourself can help you save time on the test. Plus, if you aren't used to telling time on a watch (as opposed to a cell phone), it's better that you get used to doing so before a high-stress situation like a standardized test. The same goes for your calculator: you want to make sure you're familiar with the calculator you'll be using on the ACT so you don't waste valuable time on test day fiddling around with it. Using non-mechanical pencils and erasers instead of pens on the test will get you into the right mindset for the test as well. If you're doing the ACT Essay, writing with a non-mechanical pencil is even more important because you need to get used to writing in pencil for long stretches rather than just for bubbling in answer choices. #3: Our Free Online ACT Resources We've got a lot of free ACT prep resources to offer you at PrepScholar. Our free eBookgives you a more in-depth guide to improving your ACT score and identifying and fixing your weaknesses. We also strongly recommend readingour article onhow to get a perfect 36 on the ACT, written by our resident perfect scorer; this guide will help put you in the right mindset for a 32 or higher. Even if you're not trying to get a 36, you'll need to use these principles to improve your ACT score, especially in such a short time frame. Finally, we've consolidated all of our writing on the ACT sections into ultimate prep guides. Whether you want general tips or specific strategies, these guides have them all. Learn the principles and get the tools you need to propel your composite score to a 32 with our complete study guides to ACT English, ACT Math, ACT Reading, and ACT Science. If you plan to take the ACT with Writing, be sure to also check out our ultimate guide to theACT Essay. #4: Free and Official ACT Practice Tests Sitting down and taking realistic, full-length ACT practice tests is key to preparing for the ACT. Not only will it familiarize you with the test format, but it'll also help you pinpoint your weaknesses and work on them, as well as give you an idea of how your studying is going. Use our collection of free and official ACT practice teststo get started. General Advice as You Begin Studying for the ACT Before we go over our 10-day plan, here are some of our best tips for getting the most out of your ACT prep. Follow these to help you get the biggest score improvements in the least amount of time. #1: Always Guess There's no guessing penalty on the ACT, so even if you’re at the end of a section and have two questions left you can’t answer, it's best to just fill in random answers. You have a 20-25% chance of getting a question right, so take the shot! #2: Use the Process of Elimination Eliminating wrong answers is a good way to approach tough questions, and will increase your odds of getting points if you encounter a question you're not sure about and end up guessing on. Even though the right answer isn’t always obvious, it’s usually easy to spot at least one or two wrong answers,raising your odds of getting a question right to 33% or even 50%. #3: Don’t Get Stuck on Hard Questions A great strategy is to mark difficult questions and come back to them later. Timing is key on the ACT as you have less than a minute per question. This means thatif you waste five minutes on a hard question, you are losing the opportunity to work on five more questions, which can seriously tank your score. Seeour guide on ACT lengthfor more tips on pacing yourself. #4: Mark Questions You're Unsure About When practicing, don’t just correct multiple-choice questions and tally your score. Rather,star any questions you weren't sure about. That way, when you correct your answers, you can make sure to study that type of question and see why you struggled with it (even if you got it right). If you only focus on wrong answers, you could actually leave some content gaps unfilled. Remember, the goal isn't to study until you can get most of the answers right- it's to study until you're confident that you won't get any questions wrong. #5: Identify and Fix Weaknesses When correcting your answers to ACT practice questions, don't go over the answer explanations too quickly. You need to figure out why you got an answer wrong as well as how you can keep yourself from making this mistake again. Just drilling practice questions without understanding your true weaknesses won’t help you improve your score. We suggest taking notes on your mistakes in a notebook. This will help you keep track of your content weaknesses and guide your studying. #6: Don't Sweat the Essay The ACT Writing section, or Essay, does not affect your composite score.So if getting 32 is your main goal, don’t spend tons of time practicing for the Essay. You only have 10 days, and you'll need to use them wisely! While we recommend preparing for the Essay to an extent (I suggest reading our guide to writing the ACT Essay), don't waste precious hours practicing for this section when you still have big point improvements to make on other, more important sections. 10-Day ACT Study Plan Now that we've gotten the basics out of the way, here is a 10-day ACT prep plan you can use to go from 25 to 32. Again, be aware that this a very time-intensive plan.To truly benefit from it, you'll need to clear your schedule as much as you can and give yourself adequate time to study. Days 1-4: Fill In Content Gaps Time: 3-4 hours per day As you start studying, your first priority is to pinpoint topics you don’t know and learn them. You can’t expect to get 32 with major content weaknesses. Whether you struggle with interpreting scientific studies, solving plane geometry questions, or remembering grammar rules, your first step is to find out what you don’t know and then master it. Use your results from the practice test to determine what to focus on during these first four days. You should then use your prep program, books, and/or other study materials to concentrate on subject areas you're struggling with the most. On each day, focus on a single ACT section: English, Reading, Math, or Science. Take practice sections and use practice questions, but don’t worry about taking full practice exams just yet. For example, Student A above would devote one day each to all of the sections, whereas Student C should probably spend two days on Math and two days on Science. Suggested Time Breakdown 1-2 hours: Find weaknesses in the section. Use your prep books and online resources to fill in your content gaps. After you’ve learned the new content, quiz yourself on each individual weakness. For example, if you realized you always miss subject/verb agreement questions on the English section, first read up on subject/verb agreement and then do practice problems that quiz this topic specifically. 35 minutes-1 hour: Take a full section from a practice test, strictly timed. If pacing is an issue for you, experiment with doing a combination of untimed sections, time-and-a-half sections, and officially timed sections. 1 hour: Review mistakes from the practice test and make sure you understand them. Remember to take notes on your mistakes in your journal! Research additional content weaknesses if needed. Days 5-7: Take and Review Practice Tests Time: 4-5 hours per day During this time you'lltake a full practice test each day (excluding the Essay section at the end). Even if you have strong sections, like Student C above, do the practice anyway so you can identify any silly mistakes you tend to make and can ensure you'll do just as well on test day as you do in your practice. Consistency is key! As you test, star questions you're unsure of to make sure you revisit them while correcting, even if you end up getting them right. Spend time afterwardidentifying your mistakes and figuring out why you made them. Don’t just brush off an answer and say, â€Å"Oh, I forgot the Pythagorean theorem, so I guessed." Figure out why you couldn’t remember the formula and thenmake a plan so you can get similar questions right in the future. Also, revisit questions you starred even if you ultimately got them right. It's important to address any stubborn content gaps. Suggested Time Breakdown 3 hours: Take a full ACT practice test (ideally, an official one) without the Essay section. 1-2 hours: Correct your test and carefully note all of your mistakes in your notebook. Figure out where your remaining weaknesses are and research any content gaps you still have. Days 8-9: Review and Target Weaknesses Time: 3-5 hours per day Based on your performance on the practice tests, you'll now do more fine-tuned work on areas you still have weaknesses in. Here are some examples of what you could focus on in your prep: Drill areas you're still making mistakesor have content weaknesses in. Maybe you’re struggling with the trigonometry questions on Math. In this case, head back to your study materials to review the content before you do any more practice questions in that area. Do more practice sections if you'rerunning out of time or struggling with pacing. Remember to wear a watch and keep an eye on how much time you spend on each question. If you're consistently hitting 32, continue to take full practice tests and grade them. Your goal is consistency, so keep practicing, even if you think you're set to go. Spend some time working on the Essay. Again, the Essay does not affect your total ACT score, but you don’t want it to be extremely low in comparison. Check out our guide to writing an ACT essay to help you get started. Day 10: Brush Up On Weaknesses and Rest Time: 1-2 hours You don’t want to study too intensively the day before the test- this will burn you out and do more harm than good! At this stage, it's best to do some practice problems in your weak spots, or one or two practice sections if you're working on pacing, to keep your mind warmed up. That said, remember to focus on relaxing and getting rest before the test, too.Read our tips for getting ready the night before and the morning of the test. Additionally,make sure you don’t forget anything important when you go to take the test! What’s Next? If you’re not sure you can handle this on your own, check out PrepScholar’s ACT study program. We go through the process of identifying your weak points for you. We also give you rigorous practice questions designed by 99th percentile scorers. One important part of studying is keeping your motivation in place. Check out our list of automatic scholarships for ACT scores. The higher your score, the more money you can earn! You can also use your dream colleges to adjust your target ACT score. See our guide to what a good ACT score is to find out the score you need to aim for. We also have a guide specifically for the Ivy League. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Tesco SWOT Analysis 2015 2016 Essays

Tesco SWOT Analysis 2015 2016 Essays Tesco SWOT Analysis 2015 2016 Paper Tesco SWOT Analysis 2015 2016 Paper Tesco plc was the UK’s top retail merchant in 2013 ( Retail Economicss, 2014 ) and maintains a presence in 12 states in Europe and Asia ( Tesco, 2014 ) . To prolong its place and build profitableness, Tesco must measure its strengths, failings, chances and menaces ( SWOT ) . Strengths and weaknesses focal point on internal factors impacting a company ; in contrast, chances and menaces identify external issues ( Collins, 2010 ) . Therefore, it is of import to transport out a SWOT analysis to determine how the company is executing in the market ( Kotleret Al., 2013 ) . Strengths Tesco is a powerful retail trade name globally, in the top 100 of the world’s most valued trade names, somewhat below Ikea and good above eBay ( Brand Finance, 2014 ) . It is known as a company that offers value for money, convenience, a broad scope of merchandises, and locally-sensitive direction ( Wood and McCarthy, 2014 ) . Worldwide, Tesco has 6,784 shops, an addition of 433 shops since 2012, despite the disposal of their US venture, Fresh A ; Easy ( Tesco, 2012, 2014 ) . Tesco has utilised advanced concern methods in its rise, including the creative activity of shops like Tesco Metro and Tesco Express, which are little shops in local vicinities to do shopping more convenient for the clients ( Schiraldi, Smith and Takahashi, 2012 ) . Other strengths in their planetary operations include on-line shopping, joint ventures, such as in China, and local enlisting, including in senior direction places ( Koen, Bertels and Elsum, 2011 ) . Because of their size and installations, T esco can purchase in majority, profiting from economic systems of graduated table ( Blythman, 2012 ) . This permits the company to lower monetary values to maintain monetary values attractive and be competitory with UK retail merchants such as Asda or Sainsbury’s. Additionally, by making trueness bundles such as the Clubcard, they retain clients, making long-run relationships ( Felgate, Fearne and Di Falco, 2011 ) . Failings Tesco has grown to be a really large company with a really broad scope of merchandises, diversified into nutrient, books, vesture, furniture, insurance, gasoline, and fiscal services. This theoretical account has its failings. Tesco’s net income has been impacted by bad debt from recognition cards and high degrees of family insurance claims ( Ruddick, 2014 ) . Another issue is Tesco’s deficiency of experience in some markets that it intends to come in, such as its ain trade name smartphones and tablets ( Wood and Gibbs, 2014 ) . Finally, Tesco needs to put a batch of hard currency in new web engineerings and IT, every bit good as shop renovation, deviating hard currency from monetary value decrease schemes ( Ruddick, 2014 ) . This is likely to hold an inauspicious consequence on gross revenues ( Bunn and Ellis, 2012 ) . Opportunities There are many chances for Tesco, including enlargement into markets such as digital amusement, through their 80 % investing in Blinkbox ( Hall, 2011 ) . The move by Tesco to offer own-brand tablets and smartphones can cross with this investing, peculiarly in foreign markets such as Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, and China ( Piercy, Cravens and Lane, 2010 ) . Online shopping can offer greater flexibleness to clients who are taking busy household lives or have mobility issues ; Tesco is seeking to run into the demands of the clients by spread outing operations in this sector ( Ma, Ding and Hong, 2010 ) . The on-going effects of the recession, where households and persons may be fighting financially, or excessively busy working to cook ( Thompsonet al. ,2012 ) , can be accommodated through wider ‘value’ and Tesco’s Finest stigmatization. In add-on, farther abroad enlargement could happen in markets such as Australia, where the food market retail market faces compa ratively limited competition yet is ferociously price-sensitive ( Clarke, 2012 ) . Menaces Tesco is confronted by many menaces in the market. Their current place as figure one in the UK food market retail sector means that they are the mark of consistent competition from Sainsbury’s, Asda, Morrison’s, and, progressively, Lidl and Aldi ( Stevenson, 2014 ) . One menace that Tesco continues to defy is the coup detat of Asda by Wal-Mart. Branding of shops as Asda Wal-Mart has been increasing in the UK, showing a weakening in the consumer contempt for Wal-Mart. The 9th most-valued trade name in the universe, Wal-Mart is Tesco’s largest planetary rival and therefore has the necessary accomplishments, resources, experience and financess to do Tesco jobs ( Brand Finance, 2014 ) . The consequence of town planning and consumer intolerance for out-of-town shops, every bit good as concern for the support of little stores, can besides endanger Tesco’s enlargement programs ( Stevenson, 2014 ) . Decision SWOT analysis allows sellers to place hazards in their environment. Once hazards are evaluated, steps can adopted to extenuate against the inauspicious effects of market alterations, or take advantage of gaps ( Kotleret al. ,2013 ) . Although a retail merchant may still confront tremendous challenges, such as Tesco is soon sing ( Ruddick, 2014 ) , developing flexibleness enables companies to construction programs to optimize success, or avoid come ining into undertakings in which failure is a important possibility. Strengths may be tailored to chances in the market, so that schemes are enhanced and clear aims set ( Kotleret al. ,2013 ) .Through consistent planning and economic consciousness, Tesco is good placed to procure its hereafter, as its diversified retail scheme is likely to suit increasing consumer trust on online shopping, digital merchandises and services, price reduction food market services. Bibliography Brand Finance ( 2014 ) .Global 500 2014: The world’s most valuable trade names.Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //brandirectory.com/league_tables/table/global-500-2014 [ accessed 1 September 2014 ] . Blythman, J. ( 2012 ) .Shopped: The flooring power of British supermarkets. London: HarperCollins. Bunn, P. and Ellis, C. ( 2012 ) . Analyzing the behavior of single UK consumer monetary values.The Economic Journal, 122 ( 558 ) , F35-F55. Clarke, I. ( 2012 ) .Consumer satisfaction with local retail diverseness in the UK: Effectss of supermarket entree, trade name assortment and societal want.Doctoral thesis, Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University, Australia. Collins, R. ( 2010 ) . A graphical method for researching the concern environment.Oxford University Working Paper 956. Felgate, M. , Fearne, A. and Di Falco, S. ( 2011 ) . Analyzing the impact of supermarket publicities: A instance survey utilizing Tesco Clubcard information in the UK. Kent Business School. Working Paper234. Hall, J. ( 2011 ) . Tesco to offer video-on-demand services.Daily Telegraph, 21stApril 2011. Koen, P.A. , Bertels, H.M. and Elsum, I.R. ( 2011 ) . The three faces of concern theoretical account invention: challenges for established houses.Research-Technology Management, 54 ( 3 ) , 52-59. Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. , Harris, L.C. and Piercy, N.F. ( 2013 ) .Principles of selling( 6Thursdayedn ) . Harlow: Pearson. Ma, Y. , Ding, J. and Hong, W. ( 2010 ) . Delivering client value based on service procedure: The illustration of Tesco.com.International Business Research, 3 ( 2 ) , 131. Piercy, N.F. , Cravens, D.W. and Lane, N. ( 2010 ) . Marketing out of the recession: Recovery is coming, but things will neer be the same once more.The Marketing Review, 10 ( 1 ) , 3-23. Retail Economics ( 2014 ) .Top 10 UK retail merchants 2013.Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.retaileconomics.co.uk/top-10-retailers/ [ accessed 1 September 2014 ] . Ruddick, G. ( 2014 ) . Tesco’s new main executive handed ?700m war thorax.Daily Telegraph,29ThursdayAugust 2014. Schiraldi, P. , Smith, H. and Takahashi, Y. ( 2012 ) . Estimating a dynamic game of spacial competition: The instance of the UK supermarket industry.LSE Working Paper. Stevenson, T. ( 2014 ) . Tesco portion slide has investors catching a falling knife.Daily Telegraph,29ThursdayAugust 2014. Tesco plc ( 2012 ) .Preliminary consequences 2011/12.Cheshunt: Tesco plc. Tesco plc ( 2014 ) .Annual study 2014.Cheshunt: Tesco plc. Thompson, C. , Clarke, G. , Clarke, M. and Stillwell, J. ( 2012 ) . Modeling the hereafter chances for deep price reduction nutrient retailing in the UK.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 22 ( 2 ) , 143-170. Wood, S. and McCarthy, D. ( 2014 ) . The UK nutrient retail ‘race for space’ and market impregnation: A modern-day reappraisal.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 24 ( 2 ) , 121-144. Wood, Z. and Gibbs, S. ( 2014 ) . Tesco to establish ain trade name smart phone.The Guardian,7ThursdayMay 2014. Other Essaies on Tesco Other essays available on the Tesco administrations are: Tesco PESTEL Analysis Tesco Business analysis Tesco is one of the taking supermarkets Tesco Strategy analysis Tesco Changing Business Environment Tesco Fresh Veg Supply Chain Management

Metabolic Process notes These are just notes for

Metabolic Process notes These are just notes for Chemical Basis of Life (1)Biology is the study of living organisms. In turn, organisms are chemical machines, i.e. organisms are composed of molecules, which are collections of smaller units called atoms. Therefore, we need to consider the chemistry of life or biochemistry.Chemical Bonding-electrons occupy various positions (distances) from the nucleus of an atom, known as energy levels.-as an electron moves further from the nucleus of an atom, its potential energy increases. Why? Energy is input to reduce its everyday attraction to the positively charged nucleus.-the outermost orbital or energy levels are termed the valence orbital; the valence electrons ** the chemical behaviour of an atom is determined by the number and arrangement of the valence electrons.The need for stability - there are a group of elements in the Periodic Table called the noble gases that are inert (non-reactive). Except for helium that has 2 valence electrons, all members of this group have 4 pairs or 8 valen ce electrons.First-ever high-resolution images of a molecule as...Chemical Basis of Life (2)Therefore 8 seems to be a 'magic' number i.e. the noble gases do not attempt to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms. All other elements attempt to gain, lose and share electrons to achieve the ability of the noble gases. These interactions are the cause of chemical reactions that will establish the chemical bonds between atoms.Types of Bonds1.Ionic- Atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions called cations-atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions called anions.-an ionic bond forms between metal cations and non-metal anions; it is simply electrostatic attraction involving opposite charges.e.g. table salt - NaCl- Sodium has 1valence electron; if it loses this, it becomes stable, resulting as the cation Na+-Chlorine has 7 valence electrons; the addition...

Gender issues in Friel Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender issues in Friel Play - Essay Example The literature discussion in this paper will focus on Friel’s play: Gender issues are as important as memory in Friel’s play, from Helen Lojek’s article the Dancing at Lughnasa and The Unfinished Revolution. The paper will use external literally articles to support the above argument. The paper will use the external article Brian Friel, Dancing at Lughnasa by Suman Gupta while focusing on the topic to assert the truth in the statement. Gender issues command a great influence in social lifestyle as described by Lojek and Gupta their articles. Lojek introduces her article by describing the views she observed in Brian Friel play about gender inequality. Friel (1993:46) observed the women struggle in the Irish Republic and indicated that societal revolution has yielded very little in creating equal opportunity for women (Lojek, 2007:79). The religious paternalism and secularisation that is evident in the society has not revolutionised the women world; instead, it has subjected them to social imbalances where women are symbols of insignificant ideals. The cultural trend in the Irish society promoted legislations that subjected women to roles within their homes. These cultural trends did not only infringe the advancement of women bright within their home boundaries, but also within the whole nation. Preservation of equality in the Irish society was equally hard because of the cultural influence. Lojek (2007:80) observed that despite the constitutional declaration in 1922, women could not rise from the bondage of culture to enjoy the newfound freedom that set them free from the tyrannical gender perception. Lojek (2007:80) pointed on the early work of Friel in which the central focus was the father son relationship. The relationship inspires the play while setting trends for women to follow. Women had limited choices to make especially when it came to making controversial decisions that were outside the home boundary. The play of Friel is a revela tion about the societal perception about how gender is instrumental to civilisation. The society could not make steps without the contribution of women, yet it does not appear in Friel play that the same society acknowledged women efforts. The cultural perceptions created patriarchal system where gender perception characterised the choice that the society made. Concerning this, Friel could not miss to acknowledge the characteristics of the Irish community as described by Lojek in her article. The documentations of gender related issues have given rise constitution amendment, which aimed at transforming the society into a much better place for human survival. The traditional trends in the Irish community promoted the male gender bias as opposed to equality centred community. Gupta described societal inclinations in her article by focusing on human activities shaped by gender perception. In particular, Gupta (2012:242) observed the social trends in Ireland in relation to gender and re marked that the social trends were subject to gender inclination. The same would apply to the views projected by Friel. The society has defined its social chores with respect to gender, thus a woman place would be the kitchen. The same trend was applicable during the world war where male gender was subject war while the female gender was subject to duties within their homes. The correlation that exists between two paradigms is the place of gender in relation an individual position in the society. The participation of women in political activities as well as running church matters is a concern that Lojek has addressed in her article. She posits that women do not participate in political affairs of their countries or geographical origins (Lojek, 2007:83). The same trend seems to apply in churches. Women are critical to the societal growth at whatever level, however, the society does not seem to recognise their role in steering the societal ideals. Politics is crucial to development so cial ideals because it influences

Strategies in Action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategies in Action - Assignment Example Lastly, by weighing the relative advantages and disadvantages, a suggested change of thinking is offered for the recommendation. Over the years, global and multinational companies are faced with the choice between standardization and adaptation when it comes to their strategy in different markets. While standardization has been the cornerstone of globalization over the years, it has also been argued that companies that tailor their strategy to their individual country markets have more chances of local success. According to Loyka, â€Å"the globalization of markets is the principal driving force behind the need for global product standardization theory (2003).† The two strategies certainly have their own advantages and their own drawbacks. Therefore, assessing these relative strengths and weaknesses is important when considering entering other international markets and joining the global competition. Johansson in his book â€Å"Global Marketing has identified the advantages of standardization, which according to him includes the following: â€Å"cost reduction, improved quality, enhanced customer preference, and existence of global customers, and the emergence of global customer segments (2000, 367-368).† As according to Loyka: â€Å"While standardization of product design, packaging and promotional material offers important economies to multinational marketers (Buzzell, 1968), little hard evidence is available on the potential benefits arising from a more coherent international image, more rapid international diffusion of products and ideas, and greater coordination and control (Walters, 1986). The gains from standardization range from cost savings and more consistent dealings with customers, to better planning and exploitation of ideas with universal appeal (Buzzell, 1968) (Loyka 2003).† Cost reduction. As companies find their local markets saturated, companies look for opportunities in the international markets. The

Framework for extra-curricular involvement Research Paper

Framework for extra-curricular involvement - Research Paper Example As a function of such an understanding, it will be the intent of this brief analysis to discuss some of the means by which this author will seek to engage in communication and leadership development through extra-curricular activities. As such, this brief analysis will consider extracurricular activities that will be planned and engaged with as a means of furthering the knowledge that has thus far been learned in the classroom. Further, a level of metrics will be applied which will help to categorize the means by which such extra-curricular activities can be measured for overall success in each activity. With regards to the first extra-curricular activity that can be engaged as a means of furthering my education beyond the boundaries of the classroom is with regards to volunteering as an assistant for a local community health drive. Ultimately, the process of volunteering as such as one that allows the individual to bring to bear many of the skills and techniques which have thus far been taught in class. Although there were a number of different aspects that prompted me towards volunteering for a community-wide health outreach, the main determinant was the ability to engage with individuals that had hitherto received little if any attention. Moreover, with regards to the metrics of the participation in such an extra-curricular, this will be judged based upon the degree to which the core concepts and understandings from the coursework can be applied in a satisfactory manner as a means to benefit those individuals within the community which I will be directly serving as a function of the voluntary work. Finally, with respect to the unique level of core challenges that this will provide me, it can be understood that such a course of application will allow me the unique opportunity to utilize many of the core competencies I have thus far been acquainted within in the field of course material that has been studied. Although the course material itself is vitally impo rtant towards helping the individual student to come up with an actionable means of approach to a variety of different

Mental Health review tribunals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mental Health review tribunals - Essay Example To ensure the protection from the evils of such disorder world legal forum set mental health tribunals to justify human rights for all irrespective of gender, race, territory and mental condition. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Subject to the Conditions as an introduction to the Mental Health Act, and as a suggestive source for people with mental health needs, professional workers and others encounter with these Acts. The Mental Health Act 1983 governs the admission of people to psychiatric hospital against their will, their rights while detained, discharge from hospital, and aftercare in England and Wales. Aprt from the philanthropic attitude there is criticism that the Act itself is not well organized, which is written in language that can be hard to follow for certain complications of the descrip tion of the legitimate proposition. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, which received Royal Assent in November 2004, contains a number of measures to extend the Government's program of improving services and support to victims of certain criminal offences from prison to hospital for psychiatric treatment, as well as offenders subject to hospital orders with restriction orders. Custodial remand remains ironic when convicted of a sexual or violent offence are then made subject of a hospital order as found unfit to plead and to have committed the act, and been charged, or not guilty because of insanity. They direct the admission to hospital of patients transferred from prison, and consider recommendations from Responsible Medical Officers in hospitals for leave, transfer or discharge of restricted patients. MHU also prepare documentation for Mental Health Review Tribunals (MHRTs), and monitor patients. For each new case, including transferred prisoners, the Victim Liais on Officer (VLO) do contact the MHU caseworker. Imperial evidences furnished through Mental Health Review Tribunals say a detained restricted patient may apply to have their cases heard by a MHRT once each year. If the patient does not apply, the Home Secretary would refer their case to a Tribunal every three years. The Tribunal will consider whether the individual needs to be detained in hospital for the purposes of mental health treatment. Liason officers should consult victims about their representations relating to discharge conditions and forward them to the Tribunal Office by the specified date. The document state that victims should be made aware that no guarantees can be given that any representations they make will not be disclosed to the patient. In fact, the expectation is that all documents are disclosed to the patient and the circumstances in which documents can be withheld are very limited. Rule 12 of the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 allows the Tribunal to withhold any document from the patient if they co nsider that disclosure would adversely affect the health or welfare of the patient or

House Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

House Music - Essay Example An underground scene at this point had already been forming. The underground music scene was developing music that was designed to make people dance. DJ's were already being targeted as disco records had used extended mixes with long percussion breaks. In the underground dance music scene: "The DJ bears the sole responsibility for the music, including his choice records, his style of mixing, how long a particular record will play, or when to change volume, timbre, tempo, or style" (Fikentscher, 82). House music became of fusion of American styles and elements of European music. This new style was breaking through in places like Chicago and New York. There were bands using electronic pop and earlier disco methods that were very popular in many urban areas. The music was being produced from underground clubs, and not for any commercial success. Jazzy M is attributed to bringing the Chicago house sound to the UK. Jazzy M, born Michael Schiniou, began DJing at the age of 17. It is said of Jazzy M that "through his influential stint at Nottingham's garage, it was Jazzy M who first brought the music to the nation's capital via his regular House show on pirate radio" (Bidder, 173-174). The reasons for their popularity within the underground: two club... They incorporated strong messages for pro-diversity in the music. Both clubs had a strong emphasis on music, and birthed music that was known from each club - garage and house.There were many phases and rebirths of house music from the beginning in 1985, where different genres such as techno, deep house, and acid house made their way from and through different nations such as the UK, Canada, America, and even Italy. Cities like Detroit, Chicago, New York, and Toronto were undergoing a quick paced dance with the genre as the styles continued to rapidly change and again bore the underground crowd. Different songs by various labels and artists impacted cities in unexpected ways. 1989 was the year when house music was brought to the masses.The qualities that shape house music are simple. Kick drum beats on every beat, made most of the time by drum machines, strategic high hat cymbal beat placement, snare drum, and eighth notes played off beat. This style of play has been termed within th e business as "four to the floor" drumbeats, which were popularized by drummers in the 1960's and 70's. Most of the songs derive samples from jazz, synth, blues, and pop styles of music.There are many subgenres of house music, such as techno and trance, but there are three in particular that will be addressed. Those three are Tech house, Minimal house, and Deep house. Each style shares features in common with the other, making them often difficult to differentiate from one another to the untrained listener.Tech house, is a combination of house and techno. It often leans more towards techno and its jazzy feel. It still maintains the same feel of house, but the snare, bass drum lines, and high hat are noisier,

Instruction Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instruction Groups - Essay Example Thus, the teacher may have a number of high achievers in one group and low achievers in another. Students enter the system with varied levels of reading abilities and mathematical skills. Hence, it is common for teachers to practice within-class groupings for the teaching of Reading and Mathematics. Flexible grouping encompasses the arrangement of students based on their learning levels. Hence, students may not remain in the same group for an entire semester. The teacher closely monitors students’ progress to ascertain when students may have improved in a particular subject area. This student is then placed in a group that contains members of similar aptitude. However, a student may be excellent in one subject area yet weak in another. Regardless of the type of grouping used, the teacher should establish only two or three groups within the class for easier supervision and timely intervention. Each group should work on material that is suited to their unique needs and abilities. Some situations in which whole group instruction may occur include storytelling, the introduction of new concepts, ideas and skills, writing composition, poetry appreciation, dramatization of a story and the generation of a language experience chart. Specifically, there is a lure about story-telling that equalizes all students irrespective of their reading level or their ability in any other content area. For example in the telling of the story of Little Red Riding Hood, the teacher could read aloud this story, varying the intonation of the voice in order to portray different characters. All the students are allowed to participate in this session. However, at the end of the reading of the story, students can be divided into groups based on their ability or skill. Thus, the teacher of a third grade class for example, may ask each ability group to write a different ending to the story. At the end of the writing period, the

Mental Health review tribunals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mental Health review tribunals - Essay Example To ensure the protection from the evils of such disorder world legal forum set mental health tribunals to justify human rights for all irrespective of gender, race, territory and mental condition. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Subject to the Conditions as an introduction to the Mental Health Act, and as a suggestive source for people with mental health needs, professional workers and others encounter with these Acts. The Mental Health Act 1983 governs the admission of people to psychiatric hospital against their will, their rights while detained, discharge from hospital, and aftercare in England and Wales. Aprt from the philanthropic attitude there is criticism that the Act itself is not well organized, which is written in language that can be hard to follow for certain complications of the descrip tion of the legitimate proposition. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, which received Royal Assent in November 2004, contains a number of measures to extend the Government's program of improving services and support to victims of certain criminal offences from prison to hospital for psychiatric treatment, as well as offenders subject to hospital orders with restriction orders. Custodial remand remains ironic when convicted of a sexual or violent offence are then made subject of a hospital order as found unfit to plead and to have committed the act, and been charged, or not guilty because of insanity. They direct the admission to hospital of patients transferred from prison, and consider recommendations from Responsible Medical Officers in hospitals for leave, transfer or discharge of restricted patients. MHU also prepare documentation for Mental Health Review Tribunals (MHRTs), and monitor patients. For each new case, including transferred prisoners, the Victim Liais on Officer (VLO) do contact the MHU caseworker. Imperial evidences furnished through Mental Health Review Tribunals say a detained restricted patient may apply to have their cases heard by a MHRT once each year. If the patient does not apply, the Home Secretary would refer their case to a Tribunal every three years. The Tribunal will consider whether the individual needs to be detained in hospital for the purposes of mental health treatment. Liason officers should consult victims about their representations relating to discharge conditions and forward them to the Tribunal Office by the specified date. The document state that victims should be made aware that no guarantees can be given that any representations they make will not be disclosed to the patient. In fact, the expectation is that all documents are disclosed to the patient and the circumstances in which documents can be withheld are very limited. Rule 12 of the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 allows the Tribunal to withhold any document from the patient if they co nsider that disclosure would adversely affect the health or welfare of the patient or

Instruction Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instruction Groups - Essay Example Thus, the teacher may have a number of high achievers in one group and low achievers in another. Students enter the system with varied levels of reading abilities and mathematical skills. Hence, it is common for teachers to practice within-class groupings for the teaching of Reading and Mathematics. Flexible grouping encompasses the arrangement of students based on their learning levels. Hence, students may not remain in the same group for an entire semester. The teacher closely monitors students’ progress to ascertain when students may have improved in a particular subject area. This student is then placed in a group that contains members of similar aptitude. However, a student may be excellent in one subject area yet weak in another. Regardless of the type of grouping used, the teacher should establish only two or three groups within the class for easier supervision and timely intervention. Each group should work on material that is suited to their unique needs and abilities. Some situations in which whole group instruction may occur include storytelling, the introduction of new concepts, ideas and skills, writing composition, poetry appreciation, dramatization of a story and the generation of a language experience chart. Specifically, there is a lure about story-telling that equalizes all students irrespective of their reading level or their ability in any other content area. For example in the telling of the story of Little Red Riding Hood, the teacher could read aloud this story, varying the intonation of the voice in order to portray different characters. All the students are allowed to participate in this session. However, at the end of the reading of the story, students can be divided into groups based on their ability or skill. Thus, the teacher of a third grade class for example, may ask each ability group to write a different ending to the story. At the end of the writing period, the

Creation of American Tradition Essay Example for Free

Creation of American Tradition Essay Folklore was first utilized by William Thoms, an English antiquarian in 1846, which is defined as a body of expressive culture such as music, tales, dance, oral history, legends, customs, traditions, rituals, popular beliefs, jokes and many more within a specific population comprising the traditions of the culture, group or sub-culture (Georges, 1995). Traditions are standards or principle revered and followed by people from generation to generation which come from a Latin word traditio meaning to’ hand over’ or to ‘hand down’, and is utilized in many ways in the English Language such as customs or beliefs educated by one generation to the other which is often orally, a complex movement in religion composed of church bodies or religious denominations which have common customs, history, culture like in Islam’s Sufi tradition, and lastly, or a set of practices or customs like Christmas traditions ad the likes. Tradition is also defined as a custom, or a practice that is remembered and transferred down from one generation to the other generation and is initially without the necessity for a writing system. Traditions are mostly primeval, deeply essential, and unchangeable, but it may sometimes less normal than is expected, and some traditions were forcibly made for one or another which is often to enhance a certain institution’s importance, and it is also said to be or may also be changed to go with the necessity for the day, and can become accepted as an ancient tradition’s part. Some traditions disappear while some are altered or changed to suit to what is acceptable. Tradition could be conceptualized as repetition across space as well as time (Bronner, 2002). Appropriate to the emergence of a genuine, renewable folklore, the feature of space allowed for an oral tradition that had moved across the landscape, even in one generation, rather than having persisted through many (Bronner, 2002). Rituals are a set of actions which is often thought to have a symbolic value and the routine of which is commonly prescribed by traditions or by a religion of a community by political or religious laws. Rituals may be done on specific occasions, or on regular intervals, or at the judgment of communities or individuals which may be performed by a group, a single individual, or by the whole community in places specially allocated for it such as in private or in public, or before specific persons. Rituals purpose varies and they include satisfaction of emotional or spiritual need of the practitioner, compliance with religious ideals or obligations, strengthening of social bonds, stating one’s affiliation, demonstration of submission or respect, having approval or acceptance for some event, or for the pleasure on the ritual. Rituals are of many kinds and are always a feature of all human societies, including activities that are performed for solid purposes, or even saying hi or hello or hand-shaking. Systems of myth, rituals, feast, sacred customs, games, songs, tales, exist in such profusion that volumes would be required to contain the lore of each separate tribe (Bronner, 2002). As the verbal form used for naming these rituals suggest, which could be translated as the action of the heart, these rituals aim to acquire enhancement in the perception capacities attributed to this organ in order to confront life’s challenges. The most widely distributed rituals mark basic and irreversible turning points in life common to men everywhere. Without distinction of race or creed people everywhere are born, grow maturity, and eventually die. So universally we find birth and naming rituals, rituals marking the attainment of adulthood, weddings and funerals. Here, put at its simplest, we can see the rituals oils the wheels of life as the individual moves through the human life cycle from the cradle to grave (Lewis, 2003). References Bronner, S. J. (2002). FolkNation: Folklore In the Creation of American Tradition. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Georges, R. A. , Jones, M. O. (1995). Folkloristics: An Introduction. New York: Indiana University Press. Lewis, I. M. (2003). Social Cultural Anthropology in Perspective. New York: Transactions Publishers.

Measures of Dispersion

Measures of Dispersion Summary The measure of central tendency, as discussed in the previous chapter tells us only about the characteristics of a particular series. They do not describe any thing on the observations or data entirely. In other wards, measures of central tendency do not tell any thing about the variations that exist in the data of a particular series. To make the concept, let discuss an example. It was found by using formula of mean that the average depth of a river is 6 feet. One cannot confidently enter into the river because in some places the depth may be 12 feet or it may have 3 feet. Thus this type of interpretation by using the measures of central tendency some times proves to be useless. Hence the measure of central tendency alone to measure the characteristics of a series of observations is not sufficient to draw a valid conclusion. With the central value one must know as to how the data is distributed. Different sets of data may have the same measures of central tendency but differ greatly in terms of variation. For this knowledge of central value is not enough to appreciate the nature of distribution of values. Thus there is the requirement of some additional measures along with the measures of central tendency which will describe the spread of the entire set of values along with the central value. One such measure is popularly called as dispersion or variation. The study of dispersion will enables us to know whether a series is homogeneous (where all the observations remains around the central value) or the observations is heterogeneous (there will be variations in the observations around the central value like 1, 50, 20, 28 etc., where the central value is 33). Hence it can be said that a measure of dispersion describes the spread or scattering of the individual values of a series around its central value. Experts opine different opinion on why the variations in a distribution are so important to consider? Following are some views on validity of the measure of dispersion: Measures of variation provide the researchers some additional information about the behaviour of the series along with the measures of central tendency. With this information one can judge the reliability of the value that is derived by using the measure of central tendency. If the data of the series are widely dispersed, the central location is less representatives of the data as a whole. On the other hand, when the data of a series is less dispersed, the central location is more representative to the entire series. In other wards, a high degree of variation would mean little uniformity whereas a low degree of variation would mean greater uniformity. When the data of a series are widely dispersed, it creates practical problems in executing data. Measure of dispersion helps in understanding and tackling the widely dispersed data. It facilitates to determine the nature and cause of variation in order to control the variation itself. Measures of variation enable comparison to be made of two or more series with regard to their variability. DEFINITION: Following are some definitions defined by different experts on measures of dispersion. L.R. Connor defines measures of dispersion as ‘dispersion is the measure extended to which individual items vary. Similarly, Brookes and Dick opines it as ‘dispersion or spread is the degree of the scatter or the variation of the variables about a central value. Robert H. Wessel defines it as ‘measures which indicate the spread of the values are called measures of dispersion. From all these definition it is clear that dispersion measures more or less describes the spread or scattering of the individual values of a series around its central value. METHODS OF MEASURING DISPERSION: Dispersion of a series of data can be calculated by using following four widely used methods Dispersion when measured on basis of the difference between two extreme values selected from a series of data. The two well known measures are The Range The Inter-quartile Range or Quartile Deviation Dispersion when measured on basis of average deviation from some measure of central tendency. The well known measures are The Mean/average deviation The Standard Deviation and The Coefficient of variation and The Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve All the tools are discussed in details below one after the other. THE RANGE: The range is the simplest measure of the dispersion. The range is defined as the difference between the highest value and the lowest value of the series. Range as a measure of variation is having limited applicability. It is widely used for weather forecasting by the meteorological departments. It also used in statistical quality control. Range is a good indicator to measure the fluctuations in price change like that of studying the variations in the price of shares and debentures and other related matters. Following is the procedure of calculating range: Range= value of the highest observation (H) – value of the lowest observation (L) or Range = H – L Advantages of Range: Range is the simplest of obtaining dispersion. It is easily understandable and can be interpreted easily. It requires fewer times to obtain the variation in the series. Disadvantages of Range: As it considers only two extreme values, hence it doesnt include all the observations of the series. It fails to tell any thing about the characteristics of a distribution It is having very limited scope of applicability Having no mathematical treatment THE INTER-QUARTILE RANGE OR QUARTILE DEVIATION: A second measure of dispersion is the inter-quartile range which takes into account the middle half i.e., 50% of the data thus, avoiding the problem of extreme values in the data. Hence it measures approximately how far from the median one must go on either side before it can be include one-half the values of the data set. Inter-quartile range can be calculated by dividing the series of observations into four parts; each part of the series contains 25 percent of the observations. The quartiles are then the highest values in each of these four parts, and the inter-quartile range is the difference between the values of the first and the third quartile. Following are the steps of calculating the inter-quartile range: Arrange the data of the series in ascending order. Calculate the first quartile which is denoted as (Q1) by using the formula In case of grouped data the first quartile (Q1) can be calculated by using the formula Where N= number of observations in the series i.e., the sum of frequencies, L = lower limit of the quartile class, p.c.f. = commutative frequency prior to the quartile class, f = frequency of the quartile class and i = class interval. Quartile class can be determined by using the formula. Calculate the third quartile which is denoted as (Q3) by using the formula in case of ungrouped data. In case of grouped data the third quartile (Q3) can be calculated by using the formula Where N= number of observations in the series i.e., the sum of frequencies, L = lower limit of the quartile class, p.c.f. = commutative frequency prior to the quartile class, f = frequency of the quartile class and i = class interval. Quartile class can be determined by using the formula. THE MEAN/AVERAGE DEVIATION: Mean/average deviation is the arithmetic mean of the difference of a series computed from any measure of central tendency i.e., either deviation from mean or median or mode. The absolute values of each observation are calculated. Clark and Schekade opine mean deviation or average deviations as the average amount of scatter of the items in a distribution from either the mean or the median, ignoring the signs of the deviations. Thus the average that is taken of scatter is an arithmetic mean, which accounts for the fact that this measure is often called as mean deviation or average deviations. Calculations of Mean Deviation in case of Discrete Series: In case of discrete series, mean deviation can be calculated through following steps The first step is to calculate the mean or median or mode of the given series Compute the deviations of the observations of the series from the calculated mean or median or mode. This deviation is also denoted as capital letter D and is always taken as mod value i.e., ignoring the plus or minus sign. Take the summation of the deviations (sum of D) and divide it by number of observations (N). In the same way one can calculate mean deviation from median or mode in case of individual series. Calculations of Mean Deviation in case of discrete series: Mean deviation can be calculated in case of discrete series in a little bit different way. Following are some steps to calculate the average mean when the series is discrete. The first step is to calculate the mean or median or mode of the given series by using the formula as discussed in the previous chapter. Compute the deviations of the observations of the series from the calculated mean or median or mode value. This deviation is also denoted as capital letter D and is always taken as mod value i.e., ignoring the plus or minus sign. Multiply the corresponding frequency with each deviation value i.e., calculate f * D. Similarly, one can calculate the mean deviation or average deviation by taking deviations from median or mode. Calculations of Mean Deviation in case of continuous series: The first step is to calculate the mean or median or mode of the given series by using the formula as discussed in the previous chapter. In the second step, get the mid values of the observations (m) Compute the deviations of the observations of the series from the calculated mean or median or mode value. This deviation is also denoted as capital letter D = m mean or median or mode and is always taken as mod value i.e., ignoring the plus or minus sign. Multiply the corresponding frequency with each deviation value i.e., calculate f * D. Take the summation i.e., (sum of D) and divide it by number of observations (N). The formula may be Advantages of mean deviation: The computation process of mean deviation is based on all the observations of the series. The value of mean deviation is less affected by the extreme items. These are three alternatives available with the researcher while calculating the mean. One can consider the mean or median or mode. Hence it is more flexible in calculation. Disadvantages of mean deviation: The practical usefulness of mean deviation is very less. Mean deviation is not having enough scope for further mathematical calculations. Mod values are considered while calculating the mean deviation. It is criticized by some experts as illogical and unsound. THE STANDARD DEVIATION: Standard deviation or other wise called as root mean square deviation is the most important and widely used measure of variation. It measures the absolute variation of a distribution. It is the right measure that highlights the spread of the observation over and around the mean value. The greater the rate of variation of observations in a series, the greater will be the value of standard deviation. A small value of standard deviation implies a high degree of homogeneity among the observations in the series. If there will be a comparison between two or more standard deviations of two or more series, than it is always advisable to choose that series as ideal one which is having small value of standard deviation. Standard deviation is always measures from the mean or average value of the series. The credit for introducing this concept in the literature goes to Karl Pearson, a famous statistician. It is denoted by the Greek letter (pronounced as sigma) Standard deviation is calculated in following three different series: Standard deviation in case of Individual series Standard deviation in case of Discrete series Standard deviation in case of Continuous series All the above conditions are discussed in detail below. a. Standard deviation in case of individual series: In case of individual series, the value of standard deviation can be calculated by using two methods. Direct method- when deviations are taken from actual mean Short-cut method- when deviations are taken from assumed mean 1. Direct method- when deviations are taken from actual mean: Following are some steps to be followed for calculating the value of standard deviation. The first step is to calculate the actual mean value of the observation In the next column calculate the deviation from each observation i.e., find out () where is the mean of the series. In the next column calculate the square value of the deviations and at the end of the column calculate the sum of the square of the deviations i.e., Divide the total value with the number of observations (N) and than square root of the value. The formula will be . Since the series is having individual observations, some times it so happens that there is no need of taking the deviations. In such a case the researcher can directly calculate the value of the standard deviation. The formula for calculating directly is . 2. Short-cut method- when deviations are taken from assumed mean: In practical uses it so happens that while calculating standard deviation by using the arithmetic mean, the mean value may be in some fractions i.e., .25 etc. This creates the real problem in calculating the value of standard deviation. For this purpose, instead of calculating standard deviation by using the above discussed arithmetic mean methods, researchers generally prefer the method of short-cut which is nothing rather calculation of standard deviation by assuming a mean value. Following are some steps that to be followed for calculating standard deviation in case of assumed mean method: The first step is to assume a value from the X values as mean. This mean value is denoted as A. In the next step deviations are to be calculated from this assumed mean as (X-A) and this value is denoted as D. At the end of the same column, the sum of D () is to be calculated. Calculate the square of each observation of D i.e., calculate. The following formula is to be used to calculate standard deviation of the series. where N is the number of observations in the series. b. Standard deviation in case of discrete series: Discrete series are the series which are having some frequencies or repetitions of observations. In case of a discrete series standard deviation is calculated by using following three methods: when deviations are taken from actual mean when deviations are taken from assumed mean Following are the detailed analysis of the above the two methods. 1. When deviations are taken from actual mean: The steps to calculate standard deviation when deviations are calculated from the actual mean are The first step is to calculate the actual mean value of the observation In the next column calculate the deviation from each observation i.e., find out () where is the mean of the series, this can be denoted as D. In the next column calculate the square value of the deviations and at the end of the column calculate the sum of the square of the deviations i.e., Multiply corresponding frequencies of each observation with the value of D2 in the next column. Divide the total value with the number of observations (N) and than square root of the value. The formula will be 2. When deviations are taken from assumed mean: The steps to calculate standard deviation when deviations are calculated from the actual mean are The first step is to assume a mean value from the observations In the next column calculate the deviation from each observation i.e., find out () where A is the mean of the series, this deviation can be denoted as D. In the next column calculate the square value of the deviations and at the end of the column calculate the sum of the square of the deviations i.e., Multiply corresponding frequencies (f) of each observation with the value of D2 in the next column. Use the following formula to calculate standard deviation c. Standard deviation in case of Continuous series: Standard deviation in case of a continuous series can be calculated by using the following steps Calculate the mid value of the series and denote it as ‘m. Assume any value from the mid values and denote it as A Deviations can be calculated from each series i.e., calculate m – A and than divide it with the class interval value (i) i.e., Multiply the corresponding frequencies of each observation with the deviation value and take the sum at the end of the column i.e., calculate In the next column square the deviation values of each observation i.e., calculate Multiply the value of with its frequencies i.e., calculate Use the following formula to get standard deviation. Properties of standard deviation: As tool of variance, standard deviation is used as a good measure of interpretation of the scatteredness of observation of a series. It is a fact that in a normal distribution approximately 68 per cent of the observations of a series lies less than standard deviation away from the mean, again approximately 95.5 per cent of the items lie less than 2 standard deviation value away from the mean and in the same way 99.7 per cent of the items lie within 3 standard deviations away from the mean. Hence covers 68.27 per cent of the items in a series with normal distribution. covers 95.45 per cent of the items in a series with normal distribution and covers 99.73 per cent of the items in a series with normal distribution. Advantage of Standard Deviation: Following are some advantages of standard deviation as a measure of dispersion This is the highest used technique of dispersion. It is regarded as a very satisfactory measure of the dispersion of a series. It is capable of further mathematical calculations. Algebraic signs are not ignored while measuring the value of standard deviation of a series. It is less affected by the extreme observations of a series. The coefficients make the standard deviation very popular measure of the scatteredness of a series. Disadvantages of standard deviation: The disadvantages are It is not easy to understand the concept easily and quickly. It requires a good exercise to calculate the values of standard deviation. It gives more weight to observations which are away from the arithmetic mean. THE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION: Another useful statistical tool for measuring dispersion of a series is coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation is the relative measure of standard deviation which is an absolute measure of dispersion. This tool of dispersion is mostly used in case of comparing the variability two or more series of observation. While comparing, that series for which the value of the coefficient of variation is greater is said to be more variable (i.e., the observations of the series are less consistent, less uniform, less stable or less homogeneous). Hence it is always advisable to choose that series which is having less value of coefficient of variation. The value of coefficient is less implies more consistent, more uniform, more stable and of course more homogeneous. The value of coefficient of variation is always measured by using the value of standard deviation and its relative arithmetic mean. It is denoted as C.V., and is measured by using simple formula as discussed below: In practical field, researchers generally prefer to use standard deviation as a tool to measure the dispersion than that of coefficient of variance because of a numbers of reasons (researchers are advised to refer any standard statistics book to know more on coefficient of variance and its usefulness). GINI COEFFICIENT AND THE LORENZ CURVE: An illuminating manner of viewing the Gini coefficient is in terms of the Lorenz curve due to Lorenz (1905). It is generally defined on the basis of the Lorenz curve. It is popularly known as the Lorenz ratio. The most common definition of the Gini coefficient is in terms of the Lorenz diagram is the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality, to the area of the triangle OBD below this line (figure-1). The Gini coefficient varies between the limits of 0 (perfect equality) and 1 (perfect inequality), and the greater the departure of the Lorenz curve from the diagonal, the larger is the value of the Gini coefficient. Various geometrical definitions of Gini coefficient discussed in the literature and useful for different purposes are examined here. CONCLUSIONS: The study of dispersion will enables us to know whether a series is homogeneous (where all the observations remains around the central value) or the observations is heterogeneous (there will be variations in the observations around the central value Hence it can be said that a measure of dispersion describes the spread or scattering of the individual values of a series around its central value. For this there are a numbers of methods to determine the variations as discussed in this chapter. But it is always confusing among the researchers that which method is the best among the different techniques that we have discussed? The answer to this question is very simple and says that no single average can be considered as best for all types of data series. The most important factors are the type of data available and the purpose of investigation. Critiques suggest that if a series is having more extreme values than standard deviation as technique is to be avoided. On the other hand in case of more skewed observations standard deviation may be used but mean deviation needs to be avoided where as if the series is having more gaps between two observations than quartile deviation is not an appropriate measure to be used. Similarly, standard deviation is the best technique for any purpose of data. SUMMARY: The study of dispersion will enables us to know whether a series is homogeneous (where all the observations remains around the central value) or the observations is heterogeneous (there will be variations in the observations around the central value). Dispersion when measured on basis of the difference between two extreme values selected from a series of data. The two well known measures are (i) The Range and (ii) The Inter-quartile Range. Dispersion when measured on basis of average deviation from some measure of central tendency. The well known measures are (i) The Mean/average deviation, (ii) The Standard Deviation, (iii) The Coefficient of variation and (iv) The Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve The range is defined as the difference between the highest value and the lowest value of the series. Range as a measure of variation is having limited applicability. The inter-quartile range measures approximately how far from the median one must go on either side before it can be include one-half the values of the data set. Mean/average deviation is the arithmetic mean of the difference of a series computed from any measure of central tendency i.e., either deviation from mean or median or mode. The absolute values of each observation are calculated. A small value of standard deviation implies a high degree of homogeneity among the observations in the series. If there will be a comparison between two or more standard deviations of two or more series, than it is always advisable to choose that series as ideal one which is having small value of standard deviation. Standard deviation is always measures from the mean or average value of the series. The coefficient of variation is the relative measure of standard deviation which is an absolute measure of dispersion. This tool of dispersion is mostly used in case of comparing the variability two or more series of observation. The most common definition of the Gini coefficient is in terms of the Lorenz diagram is the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of equality, to the area of the triangle below the equality line. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS: 1. Age of ten students in a class is considered. Find the mean and standard deviation. 19, 21, 20, 20, 23, 25, 24, 25, 22, 26 The following table derives the marks obtained in Statistics paper by 100 students in a class. Calculate the standard deviation and mean deviation. The monthly profits of 150 shop keepers selling different commodities in a city footpath is derived below. Calculate the mean, mean deviation and standard of the distribution. The daily wage of 160 labourers working in a cotton mill in Surat cith is derived below. Calculate the range, mean deviation and standard of the distribution. Calculate the mean deviation and standard deviation of the following distribution. What do you mean by measure of dispersion? How far it helpful to a decision-maker in the process of decision making? Define measure of Dispersion? Among the various tools of dispersion which tool according to you is the best one, give suitable reason of your answer. What do you mean by measure of dispersion? Compare and contrast various tools of dispersion by pointing out their advantages and disadvantages. Discuss with example the relative merits of range, mean deviation and standard deviation as measures of dispersion. Define standard deviation? Why standard deviation is more useful than other measures of dispersion? The data derived below shows the ages of 100 students pursuing their master degree in economics. Calculate the Mean deviation and standard deviation. Following is the results of a study carried out to determine the number of mileage the marketing executives drove their cars over a 1-year period. For this 50 marketing executives are sampled. Based on the findings, calculate the range and inter-quartile range. In an enquiry of the number of days 230 patients chosen randomly stayed in a Government hospital following after operation. On the basics of observation calculate the standard deviation. Cars sold in small car segment in November 2009 at 10 Maruti Suzuki dealers in Delhi city is explained below. Compute the range, mean deviation and standard deviation of the data series. Following is the daily data on the number of persons entered through main gate in a month to institute. Calculate the range and standard deviation of the series. Calculate the range and coefficient of range of a group of students from the marks obtained in two papers as derived below: Following are marks obtained by some students in a class-test. Calculate the range and coefficient of range. By using the direct and indirect method, calculate the mean deviation by using both arithmetic mean and mode from the following data set which is related to age and numbers of residents of Vasundara apartment, Gaziabad. A local geezer manufacturer at Greater Noida has developed a new and chief variety of geezers which are meant of lower and middle income households. He carried out a survey in some apartments asking the expectations of the customers that they are ready to invest on purchase of geezer. Calculate the standard deviation of the series. Calculate median of the following distribution. From the median value calculate the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation. Calculate median of the following distribution. From the median value calculate the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation. Calculate the arithmetic average and standard deviation from the following daily data of rickshaw puller of Hyderabad City. From the students of 250 candidates the mean and standard deviations of their total marks were calculated as 60 and 17. Latter in the process of verification it is found that a score 46 was misread 64. Recalculate the correct mean and standard deviation. The wage structure paid on daily basis of two cotton factories are derived below. In order to show the inequality, draw the Lorenz curve. Total marks obtained by the students in two sections are derived below. By using the data draw a Lorenz curve. Draw the Lorenz curve of the following data. Find the range and co-efficient of range for the following data set. The height of 10 firemen working in a fire station are 165, 168, 172, 174, 175, 178, 156, 158, 160, 179 cms. Calculate the range of the series. Now let that the tallest and the shortest firemen are get transformed from the fire station. Calculate the range of the new firemen. What percentage change is found in the earlier range and the latter range? Calculate the quartile deviation from the following derived data. Calculate the interquartile range, quartile deviation and its coefficient for the following data series. Calculate the mean deviation from the following data. Calculate the mean deviation from median and mean for the following series. The distribution derived below reveals the difference in age between husband and wife in a community. Based on the data, calculate mean deviation and standard deviation. Calculate th